![]() To avoid the problem of the direction of the error: we square them Instead of sum of errors: sum of squared errors (SS): SS gives a good measure of the accuracy of the model But: dependent upon the amount of data: the more data, the higher the SS. ![]() It can be considered as a model because it summaries the data Example: a group of 5 persons: number of friends of each members of the group: 1, 2, 3, 3 and 4 Mean: ( )/5 = 2.6 friends per person Clearly an hypothetical value How can we know that it is an accurate model? Difference between the real data and the model createdĢ8 The mean (2) Calculate the magnitude of the differences between each data and the mean: Total error = sum of difference = 0 No errors ! Positive and negative: they cancel each other out. Describe them: Mean, variance, standard deviation, standard error and confidence intervalĢ7 The mean Definition: average of all values in a column Usually 5% (p 2x2 Fisher’s test more accurate than Chi2 test on small samples Chi2 test more accurate than Fisher’s test on large samples Chi2 test assumptions: 2x2 table: no expected count 1 and no more than 20% 0.99).Ģ6 Quantitative data They take numerical values (units of measurement)ĭiscrete: obtained by counting Example: number of students in a class values vary by finite specific steps or continuous: obtained by measuring Example: height of students in a class any values They can be described by a series of parameters: Mean, variance, standard deviation, standard error and confidence interval Discrete numb pups in a litter continous hight, weitght, different scale Data can be messy so then you go back to qualitative data. How to determine it? Substantive knowledge, previous research, pilot study … 2 The Standard Deviation (SD) Variability of the data In ‘power context’: effect size: combination of both: e.g.: Cohen’s d = (Mean 1 – Mean 2)/Pooled SD minimum meaningful effect of biological relevance the larger the effect size, the smaller the experiment will need to be to detect it. This is to be determined scientifically, not statistically. The power analysis depends on the relationship between 6 variables: the difference of biological interest the standard deviation the significance level the desired power of the experiment the sample size the alternative hypothesis (ie one or two-sided test) Effect sizeħ 1 The difference of biological interest ![]() Translate the hypothesis into statistical questions: What type of data? What statistical test ? What sample size? Very important: Difference between technical and biological replicates. Hypothesis Experimental design Choice of a Statistical test Power analysis: Sample size Experiment(s) Data exploration Statistical analysis of the resultsĥ Experimental design n=3 n=1 Think stats!! Main output of a power analysis: Estimation of an appropriate sample size Too big: waste of resources, Too small: may miss the effect (p>0.05)+ waste of resources, Grants: justification of sample size, Publications: reviewers ask for power calculation evidence, Home office: the 3 Rs: Replacement, Reduction and Refinement. ![]() Translation: the probability of detecting an effect, given that the effect is really there. Presentation on theme: "Introduction to Statistics with GraphPad Prism 7"- Presentation transcript:ġ Introduction to Statistics with GraphPad Prism 7Ģ Outline of the course Power analysis with G*Powerīasic structure of a GraphPad Prism project Analysis of qualitative data Chi-square test Analysis of quantitative data t-test, ANOVA, correlation and curve fittingģ Power analysis Definition of power: probability that a statistical test will reject a false null hypothesis (H0).
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![]() And yes, you can tell the doting grandparents that gift certificates are available. : a game for amusing a baby by repeatedly hiding ones face or body and popping back into view exclaiming. Schedule your appointment today to meet the new love of your life. Have your baby lift the flap to reveal the face. Choose one of your cards and show it to your baby. Give the glue a little bit of time to dry before showing it to your baby. *See one of our providers for a coupon for a $10 discount There should be a flap of cloth that can be lifted to reveal the face. 18 - mini me collection (pooh with a baby animal). SOFT & HUGGABLE: This plush toy is made from soft, huggable materials and features surface-washable construction for easy cleaning. A soft handkerchief provides extra tactile sensation for baby. Two planned sessions between 16 & 34 weeks Peek-a-Pooh is a series of collectible Winnie the Pooh figures with a variety of interchangeable. ANIMATED PLUSH BUNNY: At the push of a button, Peter speaks and raises his arms for an interactive game of peek-a-boo.Gender-only scans can be performed as early as 15 weeks. A typical ultrasound exam lasts approximately 20 to 25 minutes.įor the best images–face and body parts–the optimal time to perform a 4D Ultrasound is around 27 to 30 weeks of your pregnancy. Peek-A-Boo is administered by one of our trained medical assistants in the comfort and convenience of our Murrells Inlet office. The process is safe for both mom and baby. We call it Peek-A-Boo Baby, and it provides you with live-action images of your child in the womb. ![]() Carolina OB/GYN is pleased to offer 4D Ultrasound, one of the latest advancements in imaging and ultrasound technology. ![]() In the most comprehensive analysis, Hopcraft et al. However, hunting success was only slightly higher in dense vegetation where it is thought to provide cover for stalking lions ( Funston et al. An ongoing debate exists about the importance of landscape elements, such as erosion gullies, river confluences, kopjes (small rocky hills), and proximity to water, each with different structure and vegetation cover that influence predation risk ( Balme et al. 2007b Spong 2002), as is also documented for other carnivores ( Murray et al. Ogutu and Dublin (2004) showed that lion density is correlated positively with prey biomass and that prey availability seems to be more important than habitat characteristics in determining composition of lion prey ( Hayward et al. 2007a), sometimes modified by environmental factors such as rainfall that affect the body condition of prey ( Funston and Mills 2006 Mills et al. 2001 Hayward and Kerley 2005 Hayward et al. Large differences in the composition of lion prey are due to differences in prey availability, prey mass, lion sex and pride structure, and cultural differences, that is, differences in prey choice between prides through specialization ( Funston et al. Hence, prey body mass is a major factor influencing prey selection by lions ( Hayward and Kerley 2005). The smaller-sized impala ( Aepyceros melampus) generally is negatively selected ( Funston and Mills 2006 Hayward et al. Several studies show that female lions ( Panthera leo) generally take medium-sized species such as plains zebra ( Equus burchellii) and blue wildebeest ( Connochaetes taurinus), whereas males prey on larger species such as African buffalo ( Syncerus caffer- Funston et al. 2003), and can thereby trigger ecosystem cascades ( Carpenter et al. 1995 Owen-Smith and Mills 2006 Sinclair 1985 Sinclair et al. ![]() 2007a, 2007b Mills and Shenk 1992 Mills et al. 2009), and prey assemblage ( Hayward et al. 2008), their density, spatial distribution, and habitat selection ( Creel et al. Predation is known to influence the behavior of prey species ( Fischhoff et al. We argue that the cascading impact of lions on local mammal assemblages is spatially heterogeneous.īody weight, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Panthera leo, prey availability, prey composition, randomization, savanna, vulnerability Traits of prey species, including feeding type (food habits), digestion type (ruminant or nonruminant) or body size, did not explain locations of lion kills, and no seasonal patterns in lion kills were apparent. Water that attracted prey, and not the vegetation density in riverine areas, increased predation risk, with kills of buffalo ( Syncerus caffer), kudu ( Tragelaphus strepsiceros), and wildebeest ( Connochaetes taurinus) as water-dependent prey species. Lion kills were closer to rivers and to artificial water points than expected by random distribution of the kills. Lions selected medium-sized prey species. The distance between 215 lion kills and the nearest water source was analyzed using generalized linear models. ![]() The spatial distribution of lion kills was studied at the Klaserie Private Nature Reserve, South Africa. We separated the effects of vegetation density and the presence of drinking water by analyzing locations of lion kills in relation to rivers with dense vegetation, which offer good lion stalking opportunities, and artificial water points with low vegetation density. Predation risk from lions ( Panthera leo) has been linked to habitat characteristics and availability and traits of prey. ![]() With old friends, you've got your whole life in common.” - Lyle LovettĢ2. ![]() “You don't have to have anything in common with people you've known since you were five. “Childhood friendship is the most beautiful memory that can never be replaced.” - AnonymousĢ1. “I love those random childhood memories that make me smile no matter what is going on in my life right now.” - AnonymousĬhildhood memories quotes about friendships and relationshipsĢ0. “Don't you wish you could take a single childhood memory and blow it up into a bubble and live inside it forever?” - Sarah Addison Allen, "Lost Lake"ġ9. “I spent my whole childhood wishing I were older and now I’m spending my adulthood wishing I were younger.” - Anonymousġ8. “Isn’t it funny how day by day nothing changes, but when you look back on your childhood everything is different?” - Anonymousġ7. “The older I grow, the more earnestly I feel that the few joys of childhood are the best that life has to give.” - Ellen Glasgow.ġ6. “Every happy memory created in childhood is a treasure of time.” - Anonymousġ5. “A happy childhood is perhaps the most fortunate gift in life.” - Dorothy Richardsonġ4. “Childhood memories are the sweetest memories of the past.” - Anonymousġ3. “I miss being a child and doing practically senseless stuff and yet having the time of my life.” - Anonymousġ2. “When we are old and failing, it is the memories of childhood which can be summoned most clearly.” - Dan Simmonsġ1. “Sometimes I wish I could go back to my childhood and capture all those happy memories.” - Anonymousġ0. “Happiness is laughing at old childhood photos.” - Anonymousĩ. “If you carry your childhood with you, you never become older.” - Tom StoppardĨ. “Happy times come and go, but the best childhood memories stay forever.” - Anonymousħ. “Childhood memories are timeless treasures of the heart.” - AnonymousĦ. Take them out and play sometimes.” - Angie Wieland-Crosbyĥ. “Childhood dreams are forever stuffed in our souls. “Childhood is practically the most beautiful part of a person’s life, the most innocent too.” - AnonymousĤ. “Childhood is a collection of life’s most precious moments.” - Anonymousģ. “What one loves in childhood stays in their heart forever.” - Mary Jo PutneyĢ. It was truly a time filled with countless “wow” moments, in contrast to those “can’t do this” and “I know better” moments that can plague us as adults.ĭo you deserve to cherish your childhood memories? Yes! Here are 51 childhood memories quotes that validate the importance of reminiscing on them as we get older.ġ. Hopefully, you can recall far more enjoyable memories than unpleasant ones.Ĭhildhood memories are precious since, in a way, they represent that phase in your life when everything was new, you had a greater sense of curiosity, you were more willing to discover things, and for the most part, mistakes you made were likely fairly benign. Isn’t childhood a wonderful time? When you look back at yours, you’re bound to have many different memories from those days. |
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